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Pentru cei ce doresc sa-si extinda paradigma spirituala, in fond, cultura generala.
Introducere The picture of the world presented in Buddhist cosmological descriptions cannot be taken as a literal description of the shape of the universe. It is inconsistent, and cannot be made consistent, with astronomical data that were already known in ancient India. However, it is not intended to be a description of how ordinary humans perceive their world rather, it is the universe as seen through the divyacakṣus (Pāli: dibbacakkhu), the "divine eye" by which a Buddha or an arhat who has cultivated this faculty can perceive all of the other worlds and the beings arising (being born) and passing away (dying) within them, and can tell from what state they have been reborn and into what state they will be reborn. The cosmology has also been interpreted in a symbolical or allegorical sense (Ten spiritual realms). The self-consistent Buddhist cosmology which is presented in commentaries and works of Abhidharma in both Theravāda and Mahāyāna traditions, is the end-product of an analysis and reconciliation of cosmological comments found in the Buddhist sūtra and vinaya traditions. No single sūtra sets out the entire structure of the universe. However, in several sūtras the Buddha describes other worlds and states of being, and other sūtras describe the origin and destruction of the universe. The synthesis of these data into a single comprehensive system must have taken place early in the history of Buddhism, as the system described in the Pāli Vibhajyavāda tradition (represented by today's Theravādins) agrees, despite some trivial inconsistencies of nomenclature, with the Sarvāstivāda tradition which is preserved by Mahāyāna Buddhists.
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#2
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Buddhist cosmology can be divided into two related kinds:
Spatial cosmology can also be divided into two branches.
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#3
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Vertical cosmology
In the vertical cosmology, the universe exists of many worlds (lokāḥ) – one might say "planes" – stacked one upon the next in layers. Each world corresponds to a mental state or a state of being. A world is not, however, a location so much as it is the beings which compose it; it is sustained by their karma and if the beings in a world all die or disappear, the world disappears too. Likewise, a world comes into existence when the first being is born into it. The physical separation is not so important as the difference in mental state; Humans and animals, though they partially share the same physical environments, still belong to different worlds because their minds perceive and react to those environments differently. The vertical cosmology is divided into thirty-one planes of existence. The planes are divided into three realms, or dhātus, each corresponding to a different type of mentality. These three (Tridhātu) are
The latter comprises the "five or six realms". In some instances all of the beings born in the Ārūpyadhātu and the Rūpadhātu are informally classified as "gods" or "deities" (devāḥ), along with the gods of the Kāmadhātu,. The deities of the Kāmadhātu differ more from those of the Ārūpyadhātu than they do from humans. It is to be understood that deva is an imprecise term referring to any being living in a longer-lived and generally more blissful state than humans. Most of them are not "gods" in the common sense of the term, having little or no concern with the human world and rarely if ever interacting with it; Only the lowest deities of the Kāmadhātu correspond to the gods described in many polytheistic religions. The term "brahmā" is used both as a name and as a generic term for one of the higher devas. In its broadest sense, it can refer to any of the inhabitants of the Ārūpyadhātu and the Rūpadhātu. In more restricted senses, it can refer to an inhabitant of one of the nine lower worlds of the Rūpadhātu, or in its narrowest sense, to the three lowest worlds of the Rūpadhātu. A large number of devas use the name "Brahmā", e.g. Brahmā Sahampati, Brahmā Sanatkumāra, Baka Brahmā, etc. It is not always clear which world they belong to, although it must always be one of the worlds of the Rūpadhātu below the Šuddhāvāsa worlds.
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#4
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Formless Realm (Ārūpyadhātu)
The Ārūpyadhātu (Sanskrit) or Arūpaloka (Pāli) (Tib: gzugs med pa'i khams) or "Formless realm" would have no place in a purely physical cosmology, as none of the beings inhabiting it has either shape or location; and correspondingly, the realm has no location either. This realm belongs to those devas who attained and remained in the Four Formless Absorptions (catuḥ-samāpatti) of the arūpadhyānas in a previous life, and now enjoys the fruits (vipāka) of the good karma of that accomplishment. Bodhisattvas, however, are never born in the Ārūpyadhātu even when they have attained the arūpadhyānas (the four blissful absorbtions). There are four types of Ārūpyadhātu devas, corresponding to the four types of arūpadhyānas: 1. "Sphere of neither perception nor non-perception" - Naivasaṃjńānāsaṃjńāyatana or Nevasańńānāsańńāyatana (Tib: 'du shes med 'du shes med min) In this sphere the formless beings have gone beyond a mere negation of perception and have attained a liminal state where they do not engage in "perception" (saṃjńā, recognition of particulars by their marks) but are not wholly unconscious. This was the sphere reached by Udraka Rāmaputra (Pāli: Uddaka Rāmaputta), the second of the Buddha's two teachers, who wrongly considered it equivalent to enlightenment. 2. "Sphere of Nothingness" Ākiṃcanyāyatana or Ākińcańńāyatana (Tib: ci yang med) (literally "lacking anything"). In this sphere formless beings dwell contemplating upon the thought that "there is no thing". This is considered a form of perception, though a very subtle one. This was the sphere reached by Ārāḍa Kālāma (Pāli: Āḷāra Kālāma), the first of the Buddha's two teachers; he wrongly considered it to be equivalent to enlightenment. 3. "Sphere of Infinite Consciousness".Vijńānānantyāyatana or Vińńāṇānańcāyatana or more commonly the contracted form Vińńāṇańcāyatana (Tib: rnam shes mtha' yas) In this sphere formless beings dwell meditating on their consciousness (vijńāna) as infinitely pervasive. 4. "Sphere of Infinite Space".Ākā¶ānantyāyatana or Ākāsānańcāyatana (Tib: nam mkha' mtha' yas) In this sphere formless beings dwell meditating upon space or extension (ākā¶a) as infinitely pervasive.
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Last edited by florin.oltean75; 09.04.2012 at 14:04:48. |
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Form Realm (Rūpadhātu)
The Rūpadhātu (Pāli: Rūpaloka; Tib: gzugs kyi khams) or "Form realm" is, as the name implies, the first of the physical realms; its inhabitants all have a location and bodies of a sort, though those bodies are composed of a subtle substance which is of itself invisible to the inhabitants of the Kāmadhātu. According to the Janavasabha Sutta, when a brahma (a being from the Brahma-world of the Rūpadhātu) wishes to visit a deva of the Trāyastriṃ¶a heaven (in the Kāmadhātu), he has to assume a "grosser form" in order to be visible to them. There are 17-22 Rūpadhātu in Buddhism texts, the most common saying is 18. The beings of the Form realm are not subject to the extremes of pleasure and pain, or governed by desires for things pleasing to the senses, as the beings of the Kāmadhātu are. The bodies of Form realm beings do not have sexual distinctions. Like the beings of the Ārūpyadhātu, the dwellers in the Rūpadhātu have minds corresponding to the dhyānas (Pāli: jhānas) (blissful mental states). In their case it is the four lower dhyānas or rūpadhyānas. However, although the beings of the Rūpadhātu can be divided into four broad grades corresponding to these four dhyānas, each of them is subdivided into further grades, three for each of the four dhyānas and five for the Šuddhāvāsa devas, for a total of seventeen grades (the Theravāda tradition counts one less grade in the highest dhyāna for a total of sixteen). Physically, the Rūpadhātu consists of a series of planes stacked on top of each other, each one in a series of steps half the size of the previous one as one descends. In part, this reflects the fact that the devas are also thought of as physically larger on the higher planes. The highest planes are also broader in extent than the ones lower down, as discussed in the section on Sahasra cosmology. The height of these planes is expressed in yojanas, a measurement of very uncertain length, but sometimes taken to be about 4,000 times the height of a man, and so approximately 4.54 miles (7.31 km) or 7.32 kilometers.
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#6
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1. În ce scop scrieti toate acestea?
Daca o faceti din dorinta de a împartasi si altora niste idei, în mrejele carora ati cazut si care va entuziasmeaza, raspunsul meu este: Multumesc, nu ma intereseaza si nu gasesc normal sa se faca apologia hinduismului pe un forum crestin-ortodox. Cei interesati pot merge la sursa. Conceptiile orientale despre Dumnezeu, om, viata etc., insidioase fiind, prezinta un mult mai mare pericol spiritual decât orice conceptie fatis potrivnica crestinismului. Ele se cuibaresc în mintea omului astfel ca acesta ajunge sa creada ca ar fi propriile sale idei. 2. De ce în engleza? Sunteti cumva de parere ca toata lumea ar fi obligata sa cunoasca limba engleza? ************************************************** ********************************** Iata intentiile lor: "... Vivekananda a devenit celebru în Occident, cu precădere în Anglia si America, la începutul secolului XX. Si-a petrecut viata conferentiind despre hinduism oriunde era solicitat. S-a străduit să întemeieze si câteva centre hinduse, bucurându-se de ceva mai mult succes în America. Această misiune i-a fost încredintată ca si datorie a vietii sale de către maestrul său, gurul Rama Krishna, un mare „sfânt“ al hinduismului. A murit în jurul anului 1930. Citisem câteva din cărtile sale, fapt pentru care mi-a stârnit un viu interes testamentul lui, pe care l-am găsit într-unui din rafturile bibliotecii. O carte cu putine pagini, pe care însă n-o mai văzusem, si nici nu mai auzisem vreodată despre ea. De altfel, n-am mai întâlnit-o până astăzi nicăieri altundeva. Am început deci să o citesc. Foarte curând, am rămas stupefiat de continutul ei! Era mărturisirea existentei unui efort sistematic, concertat cu precizie de-a lungul mai multor etape, cu scopul schimbării politice si, în cele din urmă, a cotropirii lumii occidentale crestine de către conceptiile orientale. Punctul terminus al acestui plan era distrugerea definitivă a crestinismului." mai multe aici:http://www.sfaturiortodoxe.ro/marii-...ioteca-lor.htm Last edited by Adriana98; 09.04.2012 at 19:09:57. |
#7
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Daca vreti sa faceti ceva de valoare, traduceti articolul respectiv in romana. Altminteri, e informatie care e disponibila pe internet pentru cine stie engleza si e interesat.
Cat despre ce-ati scris in romaneste, mai rar limba de lemn ca aia.
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Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum sonatur. User vechi: hmiron. User si mai vechi: scrabble. |
#8
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![]() Citat:
Postarile sunt scrise la sectiunea Alte Religii, respectand astfel celelalte topicuri exclusiv crestine. Daca ai sesizat, postez fie in acest domeniu, fie la probleme generale. Am decis ca la probleme generale sa nu mai abordez topicuri budiste, tocmai pentru a limita aceste idei strict la aceasta sectiune. Daca acest domeniu - care se refera la ALTE RELIGII - este scos din structura forumului, voi inceta sa mai postez intr-un registru din afara crestinismului. 1. Intentia este aceea pur de a informa si a schimba idei intr-un context deschis, bazat pe rationament si bun simt, care sa nu fie pus sub presiunea dogmei (impuneri incontestabile ale unor adevaruri care nu suporta critici si obiectii) Din punctul meu de vedere este normal sa nu te intereseze alte pareri care nu rezoneaza cu propriile trairi. Dar de aici si pana la "panica", apreciez ca este o reactie nefireasca - chiar daca foarte predictibila. 2. In engleza, pentru ca materialele care vreau sa le aduc in discutie sunt scrise in engleza. Nu din emfaza, asa cum un necunoscator al limbii ar acuza reflex - insa si aceasta reactie este de inteles. Daca scuzele mele te-ar face sa intelegi ca intentia este pur informativa, atunci le prezint imediat, cu parerea de rau de rigoare. Referitor la teoriile conspirative anticrestine sau de orice alta factura - sunt temeri nefondate pentru cel ce crede cu adevarat in Dumnezeu.
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#9
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![]() Citat:
1. despre "divine eye" (ochiul divin) – În primul rând, "divin, divinitate" sunt termeni care se refera la orice poate fi considerat zeitate (mitologiile lumii sunt pline de astfel de zeitati / idoli pagânesti). Astfel, când întîlnim cuvîntul "divin" într'un text despre budism si din perspectiva budista, ar trebui sa ne punem întrebarea: despre ce fel de "divinitate" este vorba? 2. restul frazei exprima pretentia cuiva (fie el si Buda / Buddha) de a-si fi cultivat* aceasta facultate (aici e vorba de acrobatiile ochiului "divin") de a percepe sau "de a vizualiza" (daca tot e sa alunecam în mlastina noii ere,..) toate celelalte lumi si fiinte care se nasc si mor în cadrul lor, si pretentia de a fi capabil sa relateze (auzi tu ce pretentie !) despre starea în care se aflau aceste fiinte când s'au nascut din nou (renascut)** si în care se vor naste din nou (renaste)**. * Adica, are cineva puterea, capacitatea de a'si cultiva astfel de facultati, de a se autoînzestra ?! ... Si atunci care-ar mai fi rolul lui Dumnezeu în aceasta "lucrare"? Sau sa-i zicem mai degraba "lucratura"? ** Fiind vorba de budism trebuie mentionat (daca tot este vorba de informare ..) ca "a se naste din nou" se refera la reîncarnare, una din marile minciuni, în care poate ca Buda va fi crezut sincer. Presupun ca asta i s'a tras de la faptul de a fi confundat sursa de la care a primit aceste înselatorii cu cea la care probabil rîvnea. Am scris acestea fiindca, atât în Vechiul cât si în Noul Testament, se vorbeste despre o noua nastere, dar nicidecum în sensul unei reîncarnari. Întrebarea mea este: unde este DUMNEZEUL TREIMIC, unde este HRISTOS – MANTUITORUL nostru? Nu se poate crede în acelasi timp, sincer si total, în Adevarul revelat de Dumnezeu-Fiul (El Insusi fiind ADEVARUL) si în scamatoriile diavolului ! Când stiu câti ani din viata am pierdut cu astfel de cai laturalnice, când stiu ca am fost de atâtea ori pe buza prapastiei, îmbatata de iluzia unor vieti viitoare …, nu pot ramâne indiferenta si ma simt datoare sa intervin, desi nu stiu daca este aici locul potrivit pentru a-mi marturisi ratacirile... Deci, draga Florin, nu te supara pe mine si "nu te uita la mâna sau la degetul care-ti arata luna, ci uita-te la luna!" (de la Confucius cetire, daca nu ma însel). Ce bine ar fi daca ai putea, dar mai întâi daca ai vrea sa te distantezi de astfel de lecturi ametitoare si fluturatoare de neadevaruri! Îti dai seama ca învatatura lui Hristos, prin continutul ei respinge "budhismele" (vorba lui Mihail C.). Nici nu este nevoie de aprofundarea conceptiilor budiste ca sa ne dam seama ca nu se poate merge, în acelasi timp, pe Calea Adevarului Care este HRISTOS si pe altele care contrazic ADEVARUL. Doamne, ajuta-ne sa nu ne desprindem de mâna Ta ! Last edited by Adriana98; 12.04.2012 at 17:13:04. |
#10
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![]() Citat:
Cred ca unii crestini sunt atrasi de "budism" pentru ca e exotic, eventual pentru a experimenta ritualuri noi, insa ma indoiesc ca pot crede cu adevarat in filosofia budista, asa cum imi este greu sa concep cum poate un budist sa ajunga la Ortodoxie, tinand cont de mentalitatea sa si doctrina budista, de felul in care percepe lumea. Cu siguranta exista si minuni, doar Dumnezeu lucreaza in mod nevazut pentru efecte vazute in viata credinciosilor. Last edited by ioanna; 12.04.2012 at 20:59:07. |
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